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ARTERY
The arteries are the blood vessels
that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. Each
artery is a muscular tube lined by smooth tissue and has three layers:
1. The intima, the
inner layer line by a smooth tissue called endothelium.
2. The media, a
layer of muscle that lets arteries handle the high pressures from the heart.
3. The
adventitia, connective tissue anchoring arteries to nearby tissues.
The largest artery is the aorta, the
main high-pressure pipeline connected to the heart's left ventricle. The aorta
branches into a network of smaller arteries that extend throughout the body.
The arteries' smaller branches are called arterioles and capillaries. The
pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs under
low pressure, making these arteries unique.
A. Conditions of the Arteries
1. Atherosclerosis
The buildup of cholesterol (a waxy substance) into what are called plaques in the arteries' walls. Atherosclerosis in the arteries of the heart, brain, or neck can lead to heart attacks and strokes.
Inflammation
of the arteries, which may involve one or more arteries at the same time. Most
vasculitis is caused by an overactive immune system.
3.
Amaurosis fugax
Loss
of vision in one eye caused by a temporary loss of blood flow to the retina,
the light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye. It usually occurs
when a portion of a cholesterol plaque in one of the carotid arteries (the
arteries on either side of the neck that supply blood to the brain) breaks off
and travels to the retinal artery (the artery that supplies blood and nutrients
to the retina).
4.
Stenosis of the arteries
Narrowing
of the arteries, usually caused by atherosclerosis. When stenosis occurs in
arteries in the heart, neck, or legs, the limitations in blood flow can cause serious
health problems.
Atherosclerosis
that causes narrowing of the arteries in the legs or groin. The limitation in
blood flow to the legs may cause pain or poor wound healing.
6.
Arterial thrombosis
A
sudden blood clot in one of the arteries, stopping blood flow. Immediate
treatment is necessary to restore blood flow in the artery.
A
sudden blood clot in one of the arteries supplying blood to the heart.
A
sudden blood clot in one of the arteries supplying blood to the brain. Strokes
may also occur when one of the arteries in the brain bursts, causing bleeding.
Inflammation
of the temporal artery in the scalp. Pain in the jaw with chewing and pain over
the scalp are common symptoms.
Atherosclerosis
with narrowing of the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle. Coronary
artery disease makes a heart attack more likely.
Atherosclerosis
with narrowing of one or both of the carotid arteries in the neck. Disease of
the carotid arteries makes stroke more likely.
B. Tests of the Arteries
A
thin, flexible tube is.
inserted into the arteries,
special dye is injected, and
an X-ray shows blood flow
through the arteries. Areas of
narrowing or bleeding in the
arteries can often be
identified through
angiography.
A
CT scanner takes multiple X-rays, and a computer compiles them into detailed
images of the arteries. A CT-A scan can often show narrowing or other problems
in the arteries with less risk than regular angiography.
3.
Stress
test
Either
with exercise or medicines, the heart is stimulated to beat rapidly. As this
stress increases blood flow through the heart, narrowings in the coronary
arteries may be identified through various testing techniques.
An
MRI scanner uses a high-powered magnet and a computer to create highly detailed
images of structures inside the body. MRA is a setting that allows an MRI
scanner to best display images of the arteries.
A
catheter (a thin, flexible tube) is inserted into one of the arteries in the
groin, neck or arm and advanced into the heart. A dye that improves image
contrast is injected through the catheter so that blood flow through the
coronary arteries can be seen on an X-ray screen. Blockages in the arteries may
then be found and treated.
A
small piece of an artery is removed and examined under a microscope, usually to
diagnose vasculitis. The temporal artery in the scalp is most often biopsied.
C. Treatments for the Arteries
1 1. Statins
Cholesterol-lowering
medicines taken by mouth,
including atorvastatin
(Lipitor), fluvastatin
(Lescol),
lovastatin (Altoprev,
Mevacor), pitavastatin
(Livalo), pravastatin.
(Pravachol), rosuvastatin
(Crestor)
and simvastatin (Zocor).
Taken daily,
statins can lower
the risk of a heart attack or
stroke.
2. Aspirin
In
addition to its pain-reducing and fever-reducing properties, aspirin interferes
with blood clotting. Taken daily, aspirin can help prevent heart attacks and
strokes.
A
medicine that interferes with blood clotting, similar to aspirin. Plavix is
commonly prescribed after heart attacks or strokes to prevent future ones.
A
stent a small mesh tube is placed inside an artery to hold it open. Stenting is
most often performed on the coronary arteries.
5. Angioplasty
During
a catheterization of one of the arteries, a balloon is inflated inside the
artery to help open it up.
6. Corticosteroids
Anti-inflammatory
medicines like prednisone or methylprednisolone (Solu-medrol) are used to treat
vasculitis affecting the arteries.
7. Biologics
A
biologic drug called tocilizumab
(Actemra)
may be used. Tocilizumab is given as an injection under the skin.This medicine
may be used along with steroidsThrombolytics: Powerful "clot-busting"
drugs may be injected into the body to dissolve a blood clot causing a heart
attack or stroke.
Medicines
that help increase
blood flow through the
arteries of the legs. In people.
with
peripheral artery disease, these drugs can reduce the pain of walking.
Thank you.
Wassalamualaikum Wr. Wb.
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